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30	30	Experimental and clinical studies of consciousness identify brain states (i.e., transient, relevant features of the brain associated with the state of consciousness) in a non-systematic manner and largely independent from the research into the induction of state changes. In this narrative review with a focus on patients with a disorder of consciousness (DoC), we synthesize advances on the identification of brain states associated with consciousness in animal models and physiological (sleep), pharmacological (anesthesia) and pathological (DoC) states of altered consciousness in human. We show that in reduced consciousness the frequencies in which the brain operates are slowed down and that the pattern of functional communication in the brain is sparser, less efficient, and less complex. The results also highlight damaged resting state networks, in particular the default mode network, decreased connectivity in long-range connections and in the thalamocortical loops. Next, we show that therapeutic approaches to treat DoC, through pharmacology (e.g., amantadine, zolpidem), and (non-)invasive brain stimulation (e.g., transcranial current stimulation, deep brain stimulation) have shown some effectiveness to promote consciousness recovery. It seems that these deteriorated features of conscious brain states may improve in response to these neuromodulation approaches, yet, targeting often remains non-specific and does not always lead to (behavioral) improvements. Furthermore, in silico model-based approaches allow the development of personalized assessment of the effect of treatment on brain-wide dynamics. Although still in infancy, the fields of brain state identification and neuromodulation of brain states in relation to consciousness are showing fascinating developments that, when united, might propel the development of new and better targeted techniques for DoC. For example, brain states could be identified in a predictive setting, and the theoretical and empirical testing (i.e., in animals, under anesthesia and patients with a DoC) of neuromodulation techniques to promote consciousness could be investigated. This review further helps to identify where challenges and opportunities lay for the maturation of brain state research in the context of states of consciousness. Finally, it aids in recognizing possibilities and obstacles for the clinical translation of these diagnostic techniques and neuromodulation treatment options across both the multi-modal and multi-species approaches outlined throughout the review.
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	32	+== The Full Paper ==
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	34	+This review is currently being submitted. A recent version of the manuscript can be found here: [[https:~~/~~/zenodo.org/record/8377867>>https://zenodo.org/record/8377867]].
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32	32	== The Live Figures ==
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34	34	The review "**Brain state identification and neuromodulation to promote recovery of consciousness"** is accompanied by data and figures that readers can interact with for increased understanding of the core concepts described in the text. These Live Figures are hosted here on EBRAINS, and this pages is the common entry point to find them.
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51	51	|(% style="width:677px" %)Control of brain state transitions with a photoswitchable muscarinic agonist|(% style="width:363px" %)[[https:~~/~~/t.ly/qSE8b>>url:https://t.ly/qSE8b]]
52	52	|(% style="width:677px" %)Changes in TMS-triggered slow wave activity in DoC after tDCS treatment|(% style="width:363px" %)[[https:~~/~~/t.ly/kqi9M>>url:https://t.ly/kqi9M]]
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	58	+== Contact ==
	59	+
	60	+Questions or issues can be directed to Jitka Annen ([[jitka.annen@uliege.be>>mailto:jitka.annen@uliege.be]]), Arnau Manasanch ([[manasanch@recerca.clinic.cat>>mailto:manasanch@recerca.clinic.cat]]) or Glenn van der Lande ([[glenn.vanderlande@uliege.be>>mailto:glenn.vanderlande@uliege.be]]).
55	55	)))
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