Wiki source code of 02. Installing PyNN - Linux

Version 45.1 by shailesh on 2021/12/01 09:53
Show last authors
1 == Learning objectives ==
2
3 In this tutorial, you will learn how to install PyNN, together with the Brian 2, NEST and NEURON simulators, on Linux.
4
5 (% class="box infomessage" %)
6 (((
7 Note: There will be a separate tutorial for each environment.
8 )))
9
10 == Audience ==
11
12 This tutorial is intended for people with at least a basic knowledge of neuroscience (high-school level or above) and basic familiarity with the Python programming language. It should also be helpful for people who already have advanced knowledge of neuroscience and neural simulation, who simply wish to learn how to use PyNN and how it differs from other simulation tools they know.
13
14 == Prerequisites ==
15
16 To follow this tutorial, you will need a computer with Linux and a good network connection. You will need to know how to open the terminal application for your operating system.
17
18 == Format ==
19
20 These tutorials will be screencasts, in which the presenter runs commands in a terminal, and the viewer is expected to follow along. The intended duration is 10-15 minutes.
21
22 == Script ==
23
24 (% class="box successmessage" %)
25 (((
26 **Slide** showing tutorial title, PyNN logo, link to PyNN service page.
27 )))
28
29 Hello, my name is X.
30
31 This video is one of a series of tutorials for PyNN, which is Python software for modelling and simulating spiking neural networks.
32
33 For a list of the other tutorials in this series, you can visit ebrains.eu/service/pynn, that's p-y-n-n.
34
35 (% class="box successmessage" %)
36 (((
37 **Slide** listing learning objectives
38 )))
39
40 In this tutorial, I will guide you through setting up PyNN, together with the Brian 2, NEST, and NEURON, and simulators, on a Linux  environment. Note that we have a dedicated version of this tutorial for other environments, such as Mac OS, Windows, and EBRAINS Jupyter Lab.
41
42 (% class="box successmessage" %)
43 (((
44 **Slide** listing prerequisites
45 )))
46
47 I will demonstrate the installation on a computer with Ubuntu 20.04 OS installed. The steps are likely to remain very similar for other versions of Ubuntu OS and are also not expected to vary significantly for other Linux distributions. In the latter case, you can find information on the Internet about how to carry out the equivalent of the tasks demonstrated here using Ubuntu OS. Also, this tutorial focuses only on Python 3, because Python 2 has now been deprecated. It is recommended to use Python version 3.6 or higher. I will be using Python 3.8.10 in this tutorial, because it is the default version provided with Ubuntu 20.04.
48
49 (% class="box errormessage" %)
50 (((
51 **Note**
52 Having multiple versions of Python on your system can produce issues while installing NEST. The method shown below will install NEST for the default version of Python provided by your Ubuntu OS. For example, for Ubuntu 18.04, this might be Python 3.6.9, and for Ubuntu 20.04, it will likely be 3.8.10. If you wish to associate the NEST installation with a different Python version installed on your system, please refer to the NEST installation instructions to do so on their website.
53 )))
54
55 (% class="box infomessage" %)
56 (((
57 **Screencast** - terminal
58 )))
59
60 In this tutorial, we will make use of virtual environments. This allows multiple Python projects to coexist on the same computer, even when they might have different, and even conflicting, requirements. It helps isolate projects, thereby preventing unrequested changes in others, when any one of them is updated.
61
62 Let's begin by creating a directory for our project.
63
64 (% class="box infomessage" %)
65 (((
66 **Screencast** - terminal
67 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)cd ~~
68 mkdir pynn_project
69 cd pynn_project
70 )))
71
72 Next, we will create a virtual environment within this directory. Python 3 provides support for creating virtual environments. Since Python 3.6, the recommended method for creating a new virtual environment is as follows.
73
74 (% class="box errormessage" %)
75 (((
76 **Note**
77
78
79 For older versions of Python 3, you might be required to manually install `python3-venv` package before being able to run the below command. To install, run:
80 \\sudo apt-get install python3-venv
81 \\More recent versions of Python 3 (e.g., v3.9) already have this pre-installed.
82 )))
83
84 (% class="box infomessage" %)
85 (((
86 **Screencast** - terminal
87 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)python3 -m venv pynn_env
88 )))
89
90 (% class="box warningmessage" %)
91 (((
92 **Note**
93
94
95 Note that this command is 'python3' and not simply 'python'. This is because Ubuntu 20, by default, understands only the former. You can find on the Internet various ways to have 'python' also refer to 'python3', but for the purposes of this tutorial, we keep things simple and try to work with the bare minimum changes to the system.
96 )))
97
98 This will create a sub-directory named 'pynn_env' within our project directory, with several files and sub-directories. Let's take a look at the 'site-packages' directory.
99
100 (% class="box infomessage" %)
101 (((
102 **Screencast** - file explorer
103 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)<< show directory contents; especially lib/python3.8/site-packages >>
104 )))
105
106 As you see here, only a limited number of basic packages have currently been installed in this virtual environment. In the steps ahead, we will install various other packages, which you will be able to see here.
107
108 To enter this virtual environment, and thereby use its resources in isolation from other projects on your computer, we have to "activate" it. This is achieved by running the command:
109
110 (% class="box infomessage" %)
111 (((
112 **Screencast** - terminal
113 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)source pynn_env/bin/activate
114 )))
115
116 Notice how this changes the command prompt to show the name of your virtual environment. In our case, we have named it 'pynn_env', and this is now reflected as a prefix to the command prompt. This confirms that we are now in our new virtual environment.
117
118 (% class="box warningmessage" %)
119 (((
120 **Note**
121
122
123 You might be required to run the above command every time you open a new terminal window. Check that the terminal command prompt indicates the name of your virtual environment to confirm that you have indeed activated it.
124 )))
125
126 Now that we have our project's virtual environment setup, we are ready to install PyNN and other simulators. In general, it is advisable to install the various simulators (especially NEURON and NEST) prior to installing PyNN, because PyNN will then auto compile NEURON's NMODL fles and NEST's extensions during installation. In this tutorial, we will adopt this approach and begin by installing the simulators. For the purposes of this tutorial, we will demonstrate the installation of Brian2, NEST, and NEURON simulators.
127
128 (% class="box errormessage" %)
129 (((
130 **Note:**
131 \\If you have previously installed NEURON or NEST on your system and are installing PyNN now, you will have to compile NEURON's NMODL fles and NEST's extensions manually. For more instructions on this, take a look at:
132 [[(% style="color:#000000" %)http:~~/~~/neuralensemble.org/docs/PyNN/installation.html>>http://neuralensemble.org/docs/PyNN/installation.html]]
133 )))
134
135 We start here with the installation of Brian 2. Brian 2 can be installed simply by using the pip command.
136
137 (% class="box infomessage" %)
138 (((
139 **Screencast** - terminal
140 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)pip install brian2
141 )))
142
143 This will install Brian 2, along with all its dependencies such as 'cython', 'numpy', and so on. We can now go back to our virtual environment's 'site-packages' directory to see how it is populated with all these packages.
144
145 (% class="box infomessage" %)
146 (((
147 **Screencast** - file explorer
148 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)<< show directory contents lib/python3.8/site-packages >>
149 )))
150
151 To confirm that we have properly installed Brian 2 on our computer, we can test as follows:
152
153 (% class="box infomessage" %)
154 (((
155 **Screencast** - terminal
156 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)python
157 \\import brian2
158 \\exit()
159 )))
160
161 (% class="box warningmessage" %)
162 (((
163 **Note**
164 \\You might remember that, earlier in this tutorial, we had to use the term 'python3' to run Python on our system. But here, as in the rest of this tutorial, we will simply write 'python'. This is possible because, once we have activated our virtual environment, this environment understands that both 'python' and 'python3' are equivalent.
165 )))
166
167 If there are no error messages here, and the import is successful, we have completed the installation of Brian 2.
168
169 We will now move on to install the NEST simulator. Unlike Brian 2, NEST is not a Python package and therefore, it cannot be installed via the 'pip' command.
170
171 At the time of creating this tutorial, the latest version of NEST is v3.1. This is currently supported by PyNN v0.10, and it is likely that other versions of NEST are potentially incompatible with this version of PyNN. The installation is done by first adding the PPA repository for NEST and updating apt, followed by the installation of NEST itself.
172
173 (% class="box infomessage" %)
174 (((
175 **Screencast** - terminal
176 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nest-simulator/nest
177 sudo apt-get update
178 \\sudo apt-get install nest
179 )))
180
181 This installs the NEST module along with PyNEST, which is a Python interface for controlling the NEST kernel. This allows us to use NEST via Python. To confirm that we have properly installed NEST on our computer, we can test as follows:
182
183 (% class="box infomessage" %)
184 (((
185 **Screencast** - terminal
186 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)nest
187
188 (% style="color:#000000" %)exit
189 )))
190
191 This will display the NEST banner, which mentions the version amongst other info. Here, as we can see, we have now installed NEST v3.1 on our system. Next, let's verify that this is indeed accessible via Python.
192
193 (% class="box infomessage" %)
194 (((
195 **Screencast** - terminal
196 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)python
197 \\import nest
198 \\exit()
199 )))
200
201 (% class="box warningmessage" %)
202 (((
203 **Note**
204 \\I find that I receive a "no module named nest" error when trying this right after installing NEST. But it succeeds after a restart. So, if you do observe an error, close all programs, restart your computer, and try again. This time, it should execute as expected.
205 )))
206
207 If there are no error messages here, and the import is successful, we have completed installing NEST simulator and are able to load it via Python.
208
209 We next move on to the third simulator, NEURON. The installation for NEURON used to be more complex but can now be easily completed by using the 'pip' command.
210
211 (% class="box infomessage" %)
212 (((
213 **Screencast** - terminal
214 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)pip install neuron
215 )))
216
217 This installs the NEURON simulator on our system. To confirm that we have properly installed NEURON, we can test as follows:
218
219 (% class="box infomessage" %)
220 (((
221 **Screencast** - terminal
222 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)nrniv
223 \\quit()
224 )))
225
226 This will display the NEURON banner, which mentions the version amongst other info. Here, as we can see, we have now installed NEURON v8.0.0 on our system. Next, let's verify that this is indeed accessible via Python.
227
228 (% class="box infomessage" %)
229 (((
230 **Screencast** - terminal
231 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)python
232 \\from neuron import h
233 \\exit()
234 )))
235
236 If there are no error messages here, and the import is successful, we have completed installing NEURON simulator and are able to load it via Python.
237
238 Now that we have installed all the simulators we intend to use, we move on to installing PyNN itself. Because PyNN is a Python package, we can install it easily using the 'pip' command:
239
240 (% class="box infomessage" %)
241 (((
242 **Screencast** - terminal
243 \\(% style="color:#000000" %)pip install PyNN
244 )))
245
246 (% class="box warningmessage" %)
247 (((
248 **Note**
249 \\Note that PyNN project is spelt with a captial P, small y, and two captital N. The pip command is case-insensitive, so you may write it differently here. But the Python module, as we will see later, is case-sensitive and is spelt starting with a small P. This is in line with general Python convention, whereby package names start with small letters. Thus, while importing PyNN module via Python, it needs to be written as 'pyNN'.
250 )))
251
252 To verify that PyNN has been successfully installed on our system and that it is indeed able to communicate with the other simulators that we installed earlier, we can try running:
253
254 (% class="box infomessage" %)
255 (((
256 **Screencast** - terminal
257
258 (% style="color:#000000" %)python
259 \\import pyNN.brian2 as sim
260
261 (% style="color:#000000" %)sim.setup()
262
263 (% style="color:#000000" %)sim.end()
264 )))
265
266 This confirms that PyNN has been properly setup and also that it is able to employ Brian 2. To verify that PyNN is also able to communicate with NEST and NEURON simulators, we can do the following:
267
268 (% class="box infomessage" %)
269 (((
270 **Screencast** - terminal
271
272 (% style="color:#000000" %)python
273 \\import pyNN.nest as sim
274
275 (% style="color:#000000" %)sim.setup()
276
277 (% style="color:#000000" %)sim.end()
278
279
280
281 (% style="color:#000000" %)import pyNN.neuron as sim
282
283 (% style="color:#000000" %)sim.setup()
284
285 (% style="color:#000000" %)sim.end()
286 )))
287
288 This confirms that all the required software packages have been successfully completed and are functioning as expected.
289
290 (% class="box successmessage" %)
291 (((
292 **Slide** recap of learning objectives
293 )))
294
295 That is the end of this tutorial, in which I've demonstrated how to install PyNN and other required simulators in a Linux system. You are now ready to start modeling! To learn about model development in PyNN, take a look at our next tutorial. Also, we will be releasing a series of tutorials, throughout the rest of 2021 and 2022, to introduce more advanced features of PyNN, so keep an eye on the EBRAINS website.
296
297 (% class="box successmessage" %)
298 (((
299 **Slide** useful links
300 \\[[(% style="color:#000000" %)https:~~/~~/realpython.com/python-virtual-environments-a-primer/>>https://realpython.com/python-virtual-environments-a-primer/]](%%)
301 [[(% style="color:#000000" %)https:~~/~~/briansimulator.org/install/>>https://briansimulator.org/install/]](%%)
302 [[(% style="color:#000000" %)https:~~/~~/nest-simulator.readthedocs.io/en/v3.1/installation/index.html>>https://nest-simulator.readthedocs.io/en/v3.1/installation/index.html]](%%)
303 [[(% style="color:#000000" %)https:~~/~~/neuron.yale.edu/neuron/>>https://neuron.yale.edu/neuron/]]
304 )))
305
306 We have listed here some links that might be of interest to users who wish to find more details about the various softwares employed in this tutorial.
307
308 (% class="box successmessage" %)
309 (((
310 **Slide** acknowledgements, contact information
311 )))
312
313 (% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
314 PyNN has been developed by many different people, with financial support from several organisations. I'd like to mention in particular the CNRS and the European Commission, through the FACETS, BrainScaleS, and Human Brain Project grants.
315
316 (% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
317 For more information, visit neuralensemble.org/PyNN. If you have questions you can contact us through the PyNN Github project, the NeuralEnsemble forum, EBRAINS support, or the EBRAINS Community.